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1 California Institute of Technology
California Institute of Technology CalTech, Technische Universität f in Pasadena, California USA (bekannt durch Computer- und Halbleiterforschung)English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > California Institute of Technology
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2 California
n. Xeev California, USA -
3 California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Cal-(IT)²)Institut an der Universität von Kalifornien, San Diego, USA, für Kommunikations- und Informationstechnik (Internet-Forschung, OptIPuter project = optical networks, transmitting data, using Internet Protocol, between distributed computer resources project)English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
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4 California
n. California (staat in het zuid-westen van de USA) -
5 California
n. Kalifornien (stat i sydvästra USA) -
6 California
• stát v USA• Kalifornie -
7 University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Universität f in San Diego, Kalifornien USA (bekannt durch ihr Supercomputer-Center)English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > University of California, San Diego
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8 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
[br]b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USAd. 3 May 1969 California, USA[br]American pioneer of diesel rail traction.[br]Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.[br]Further ReadingP.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
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9 Holt, Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USAd. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA[br]American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.[br]In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.[br]Further ReadingW.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.AP -
10 Douglas, Donald Wills
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1892 Brooklyn, New York, USAd. 1 February 1981 Palm Springs, California, USA[br]American aircraft designer best known for bis outstanding airliner', the DC-3.[br]In 1912 Donald Douglas went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study aeronautical engineering. After graduating in this relatively new subject he joined the Glenn L.Martin Company as Chief Engineer. In 1920 he founded the Davis-Douglas Company in California to build an aircraft capable of flying across America non-stop: unfortunately, the Cloudster failed to achieve its target. Douglas reorganized the company in 1921 as the Douglas Company (later it became the Douglas Aircraft Company). In 1924 a team of US Army personnel made the first round-the-world flight in specially designed Douglas World Cruisers, a feat which boosted Douglas's reputation considerably. This reputation was further enhanced by his airliner, designed in 1935, that revolutionized air travel: the Douglas Commercial 3, or DC-3, of which some 13,000 were built. A series of piston-engined airliners followed, culminating in the DC-7. Meanwhile, in the military field, Douglas aircraft played a major part in the Second World War. In the jet age Douglas continued to produce a wide range of successful civil and military aircraft, and the company also moved into the rocket and guided missile business. In 1966 Donald W. Douglas was still Chairman of the company, with Donald W.Douglas Jr as President. In 1967 the company merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company to become the giant McDonnell Douglas Corporation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Daniel Guggenheim Medal 1939.Bibliography1935, "The development and reliability of the modern multi-engined airliner", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London (lecture).Further ReadingB.Yenne, 1985, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants, London (pays some attention to both Douglas and McDonnell, but also covers the history of the companies and the aircraft they produced).René J.Francillon, 1979, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, London; 1988, 2nd edn (a comprehensive history of the company's aircraft).JDS -
11 SAC
1) Общая лексика: стратегическое военное командование (ВВС США)2) Компьютерная техника: Singapore Apple Collaboration, Software Assigned Controller, Stand Alone Console, satellite access center3) Американизм: School Aged Children, Small Agency Council, System Administrators Council4) Спорт: Sports Advisory Committee5) Военный термин: Scenario Aircraft Converter, School of Army Cooperation, Scientific Advisory Committee, Senate Appropriations Committee, Senior Advisory Council, Senior Aircraftman, Sense Alter Control, Shipbuilding Advisory Council, Standing Armaments Committee, Strike Air Command, Supreme Allied Command, Supreme Allied Commander, Survive And Continue, scene-of-action commander, secondary accountability center, secondary address code, security assistance, semiautomatic coding, service application code, signal analysis course, single address code, special agent in charge, special area code, special authorization card, standard aircraft characteristics, stock accounting center, strategic alert cadre, supply availability card, supporting arms coordinator, surface action commander, ВГК, Стратегическое авиационное командование, верховный главнокомандующий6) Техника: satellite communications, sectional area curve, sequential arming circuit, systems automation corp.7) Шутливое выражение: Seriously Amusing Cat8) Химия: Strong Acid Cation9) Математика: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation10) Религия: Student Ambassadors for Christ, Submitting All To Christ11) Метеорология: Surface Air Consumption12) Бухгалтерия: Same As Cash13) Ветеринария: Scottish Agricultural Colleges14) Грубое выражение: Sorry Ass Clan15) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Acquisition Cost, Single Attachment Concentrator (FDDI), (subscribor aquisition cost) стоимость приобретения одного абонента, затраты на приобретение одного абонента (subscriber acquisition costs)16) Сокращение: Scene of Action Commander, Self-Adaptive Channelizer (UK), Senate Appropriations Committee (USA), Senior Aircraftsman, Shaanxi Aircraft Co. (China), Shenyang Aircraft Corp. (China), Small Arms Collimator, Space Activities Commission, Special Advisory Committee, Strategic Air Command (USA), Systems Acquisition Career (USA), sprayed acoustical ceiling, Special Area Code (represent services, not places)17) Университет: Scottish Agricultural College, Social Activities Club, Student Action Committee, Student Activities Committee, Student Activities Council, Student Activity Center, Student Assignment Center, Students Administrative Council, Summer Arts Center18) Физиология: Sacral19) Электроника: Smoothed Active Contour20) Вычислительная техника: Service / Special Area Code, Special Area Code (Telephony, represent services, not places), Strategic Air Command (US military), Strict Avalanche Criterion (Verschluesselung)21) Иммунология: splenic accessory cells, splenic adherent cells22) Космонавтика: Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad, India), Space Activities Commission (Japan)23) Фирменный знак: Shapley Ames Catalog24) Экология: КНК, Консультативный научный комитет25) Деловая лексика: Superintendents Advisory Council26) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Council, School Adventure Club, School Advisory Committee, School Advisory Council, School Assessed Coursework, Sense Alter And Control, Standards Aligned Classroom, Student Activity Club, Student Activity Council, Students Activities Council, Students Against Corruption27) Сетевые технологии: Session Admission Control, концентратор с одинарным подключением28) Океанография: Seismic Analysis Code, Special Analysis Center29) Химическое оружие: Science Advisory Council30) Почвоведение: почвенный поглощающий комплекс31) Безопасность: Secure Authenticated Communication, Security Access Console, Slovak Antivirus Center32) Расширение файла: Single Attachment Concentrator33) Военно-политический термин: Strategic Air Command34) Электротехника: solid aluminum conductor35) Общественная организация: Salvation Army Corps, Student Advocacy Center36) Должность: Social Action Coordinator, Society And Culture37) Аэропорты: Sacramento Executive Airport, Sacramento, California USA38) Программное обеспечение: Simple Api For Css39) Музеи: Sussex Archaeological Collections -
12 sac
1) Общая лексика: стратегическое военное командование (ВВС США)2) Компьютерная техника: Singapore Apple Collaboration, Software Assigned Controller, Stand Alone Console, satellite access center3) Американизм: School Aged Children, Small Agency Council, System Administrators Council4) Спорт: Sports Advisory Committee5) Военный термин: Scenario Aircraft Converter, School of Army Cooperation, Scientific Advisory Committee, Senate Appropriations Committee, Senior Advisory Council, Senior Aircraftman, Sense Alter Control, Shipbuilding Advisory Council, Standing Armaments Committee, Strike Air Command, Supreme Allied Command, Supreme Allied Commander, Survive And Continue, scene-of-action commander, secondary accountability center, secondary address code, security assistance, semiautomatic coding, service application code, signal analysis course, single address code, special agent in charge, special area code, special authorization card, standard aircraft characteristics, stock accounting center, strategic alert cadre, supply availability card, supporting arms coordinator, surface action commander, ВГК, Стратегическое авиационное командование, верховный главнокомандующий6) Техника: satellite communications, sectional area curve, sequential arming circuit, systems automation corp.7) Шутливое выражение: Seriously Amusing Cat8) Химия: Strong Acid Cation9) Математика: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation10) Религия: Student Ambassadors for Christ, Submitting All To Christ11) Метеорология: Surface Air Consumption12) Бухгалтерия: Same As Cash13) Ветеринария: Scottish Agricultural Colleges14) Грубое выражение: Sorry Ass Clan15) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Acquisition Cost, Single Attachment Concentrator (FDDI), (subscribor aquisition cost) стоимость приобретения одного абонента, затраты на приобретение одного абонента (subscriber acquisition costs)16) Сокращение: Scene of Action Commander, Self-Adaptive Channelizer (UK), Senate Appropriations Committee (USA), Senior Aircraftsman, Shaanxi Aircraft Co. (China), Shenyang Aircraft Corp. (China), Small Arms Collimator, Space Activities Commission, Special Advisory Committee, Strategic Air Command (USA), Systems Acquisition Career (USA), sprayed acoustical ceiling, Special Area Code (represent services, not places)17) Университет: Scottish Agricultural College, Social Activities Club, Student Action Committee, Student Activities Committee, Student Activities Council, Student Activity Center, Student Assignment Center, Students Administrative Council, Summer Arts Center18) Физиология: Sacral19) Электроника: Smoothed Active Contour20) Вычислительная техника: Service / Special Area Code, Special Area Code (Telephony, represent services, not places), Strategic Air Command (US military), Strict Avalanche Criterion (Verschluesselung)21) Иммунология: splenic accessory cells, splenic adherent cells22) Космонавтика: Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad, India), Space Activities Commission (Japan)23) Фирменный знак: Shapley Ames Catalog24) Экология: КНК, Консультативный научный комитет25) Деловая лексика: Superintendents Advisory Council26) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Council, School Adventure Club, School Advisory Committee, School Advisory Council, School Assessed Coursework, Sense Alter And Control, Standards Aligned Classroom, Student Activity Club, Student Activity Council, Students Activities Council, Students Against Corruption27) Сетевые технологии: Session Admission Control, концентратор с одинарным подключением28) Океанография: Seismic Analysis Code, Special Analysis Center29) Химическое оружие: Science Advisory Council30) Почвоведение: почвенный поглощающий комплекс31) Безопасность: Secure Authenticated Communication, Security Access Console, Slovak Antivirus Center32) Расширение файла: Single Attachment Concentrator33) Военно-политический термин: Strategic Air Command34) Электротехника: solid aluminum conductor35) Общественная организация: Salvation Army Corps, Student Advocacy Center36) Должность: Social Action Coordinator, Society And Culture37) Аэропорты: Sacramento Executive Airport, Sacramento, California USA38) Программное обеспечение: Simple Api For Css39) Музеи: Sussex Archaeological Collections -
13 Shockley, William Bradford
[br]b. 13 February 1910 London, Englandd. 12 August 1989, Palo Alto, California, USA.[br]American physicist who developed the junction transistor from the point contact transistor and was joint winner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics.[br]The son of a mining engineer, Shockley graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and in 1936 obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories.Since the early days of radio, crystals of silicon or similar materials had been used to rectify alternating current supply until these were displaced by thermionic valves or tubes. Shockley, with Bardeen and Brattain, found that crystals of germanium containing traces of certain impurities formed far better rectifiers than crystals of the material in its pure form. The resulting device, the transistor, could also be used to amplify the current; its name is derived from its ability to transfer current across a resistor. The transistor, being so much smaller than the thermionic valve which it replaced, led to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. Another advantage was that a transistorized device needed no period of warming up, such as was necessary with a thermionic valve before it would operate. The dispersal of the heat generated by a multiplicity of thermionic valves such as were present in early computers was another problem obviated by the advent of the transistor.Shockley was responsible for much development in the field of semiconductors. He was Deputy Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the US Department of Defense (1954–5), and in 1963 he was appointed the first Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science at Stanford University, California. During the late 1960s Shockley became a controversial figure for expressing his unorthodox views on genetics, such as that black people were inherently less intelligent than white people, and that the population explosion spread "bad" genes at the expense of "good" genes; he supported the idea of a sperm bank from Nobel Prize winners, voluntary sterilization and the restriction of interracial marriages.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1956.Further ReadingI.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: Doubleday \& Co.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Shockley, William Bradford
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14 Wozniak, Stephen G.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 1950 Sunnyvale, California, USA[br]American computer engineer who with Steven Jobs built the first home computer.[br]Bored by school at Sunnyvale, the young Wozniak became interested in computers and at the age of only 13 years he constructed a transistorized calculator that won a prize at the Bay Area Science Fair. After high school, he went to the University of Colorado, but he left the following year to study at the De Anza College in Cupertino, California, finally dropping out of formal education altogether and working as a programmer for a small computer company. In 1971 he made another attempt at studying for a degree in engineering, this time at the University of California at Berkeley, but he again dropped out and went to work for Hewlett-Packard, where he met 16-year-old Steve Jobs. Joining the Homebrew Computer Club, and with Jobs's help, he built a home computer based on the MOS Technology 8-bit, 6502 microprocessor chip. With 4 K of random access memory (RAM) and the first BASIC interpreter written by Wozniak himself, he demonstrated the computer to Hewlett-Packard management, but they showed little interest in taking it up. With Jobs he therefore founded Apple Company, and with assembly in Jobs's home they found an interested buyer in the shape of Paul Terrill, owner of the newly established Byte Shop chain store, who ordered 100 boards at US$500 each. As a result, with the support of a backer, Mike Markkula, Wozniak in 1976 designed a second computer, the Apple II, which had 16 K of RAM and was offered for sale (without a monitor) at $1195. This was an immediate success and sales rose from $775,000 in 1977 to $335 million in 1981 and $983 million in 1983. In the meantime, however, Wozniak was seriously injured in a plane crash in 1980. He recovered slowly from his injuries and in 1982 returned to college to complete his degree course, after which he spent much of his time with his family. Eventually he became increasingly unhappy with the chaotic management at Apple, and he left the company in 1985, subsequently forming his own computer company, Cloud 9.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFirst National Technology Medal (with Jobs) 1985.Further ReadingM.Moritz, 1984, The Little Kingdom. The Private Story of Apple Computers.J.S.Young, 1988, Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward: Scott Foreman \& Co.KF -
15 Szilard, Leo
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 11 February 1898 Budapest, Hungaryd. 30 May 1964 La Jolla, California, USA[br]Hungarian (naturalized American in 1943) nuclear-and biophysicist.[br]The son of an engineer, Szilard, after service in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, studied electrical engineering at the University of Berlin. Obtaining his doctorate there in 1922, he joined the faculty and concentrated his studies on thermodynamics. He later began to develop an interest in nuclear physics, and in 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, Szilard emigrated to Britain because of his Jewish heritage.In 1934 he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction through the breakdown of beryllium into helium and took out a British patent on it, but later realized that this process would not work. In 1937 he moved to the USA and continued his research at the University of Columbia, and the following year Hahn and Meitner discovered nuclear fission with uranium; this gave Szilard the breakthrough he needed. In 1939 he realized that a nuclear chain reaction could be produced through nuclear fission and that a weapon with many times the destructive power of the conventional high-explosive bomb could be produced. Only too aware of the progress being made by German nuclear scientists, he believed that it was essential that the USA should create an atomic bomb before Hitler. Consequently he drafted a letter to President Roosevelt that summer and, with two fellow Hungarian émigrés, persuaded Albert Einstein to sign it. The result was the setting up of the Uranium Committee.It was not, however, until December 1941 that active steps began to be taken to produce such a weapon and it was a further nine months before the project was properly co-ordinated under the umbrella of the Manhattan Project. In the meantime, Szilard moved to join Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago and it was here, at the end of 1942, in a squash court under the football stadium, that they successfully developed the world's first self-sustaining nuclear reactor. Szilard, who became an American citizen in 1943, continued to work on the Manhattan Project. In 1945, however, when the Western Allies began to believe that only the atomic bomb could bring the war against Japan to an end, Szilard and a number of other Manhattan Project scientists objected that it would be immoral to use it against populated targets.Although he would continue to campaign against nuclear warfare for the rest of his life, Szilard now abandoned nuclear research. In 1946 he became Professor of Biophysics at the University of Chicago and devoted himself to experimental work on bacterial mutations and biochemical mechanisms, as well as theoretical research on ageing and memory.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAtoms for Peace award 1959.Further ReadingKosta Tsipis, 1985, Understanding Nuclear Weapons, London: Wildwood House, pp. 16–19, 26, 28, 32 (a brief account of his work on the atomic bomb).A collection of his correspondence and memories was brought out by Spencer Weart and Gertrud W.Szilard in 1978.CM -
16 Taylor, Albert Hoyt
[br]b. 1 January 1874 Chicago, Illinois, USAd. 11 December 1961 Claremont, California, USA[br]American radio engineer whose work on radio-detection helped lay the foundations for radar.[br]Taylor gained his degree in engineering from Northwest University, Evanston, Illinois, then spent a time at the University of Gottingen. On his return to the USA he taught successively at Michigan State University, at Lansing, and at the universities of Wisconsin at Madison and North Dakota at Grand Forks. From 1923 until 1945 he supervised the Radio Division at the US Naval Research Laboratories. There he carried out studies of short-wave radio propagation and confirmed Heaviside's 1925 theory of the reflection characteristics of the ionosphere. In the 1920s and 1930s he investigated radio echoes, and in 1933, with L.C.Young and L.A.Hyland, he filed a patent for a system of radio-detection that contributed to the subsequent development of radar.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1927. President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1929. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1942.Bibliography1926, with E.O.Hulbert, "The propagation of radio waves over the earth", Physical Review 27:189.1936, "The measurement of RF power", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24: 1,342.Further ReadingS.S.Swords, 1986, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, London: Peter Peregrinus.See also: Watson-Watt, Sir Robert AlexanderKF -
17 CSL
1) Компьютерная техника: Chip Specific Library, Common Shapes Library, Configuration Specific Language, Configuration Specification Language2) Спорт: Club Sports Lightweight, Cumulative Score List3) Военный термин: Center for Strategic Leadership, Chemical Systems Laboratory, Coles Signal laboratory, combat support liaison, combat surveillance laboratory4) Техника: Command System Laboratory, Control System Laboratory, control storage load, current-sourcing logic5) Химия: Contaminant Source Location6) Математика: Coincidence Site Lattice7) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago Short Line Railway Company8) Страхование: combined single limit9) Ветеринария: Central Science Laboratory10) Полиграфия: cut-and-stack label11) Сокращение: Coin Supervising Link, Light cargo ship12) Университет: Computer Science Laboratory, Computerized Speech Lab13) Электроника: Current-steering logic14) Вычислительная техника: Computer Sensitive Language, control and simulation language, current-sinking logic, машинно-зависимый язык, Callable Services Library (IBM, VM/ESA, CMS), Computer SoLutions (software gmbh, Haendler)15) Нефть: center section line, computer logging service16) Пищевая промышленность: Corn Steep Liquor17) Фирменный знак: Canada Steamship Line18) Деловая лексика: Canadian Special Listing, Consumer Survey List19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: закон о континентальном шельфе (Continental Shelf Law)20) Сетевые технологии: call support layer21) Полимеры: Chemical Society of London22) Программирование: Curse and Swear Loudly23) Ядерная физика: Constant Scattering Length24) Сахалин Р: Continental Shelf Law25) Расширение файла: Computer Simulation Language, Coup Sports Lightweight26) Высокочастотная электроника: coupled slot antenna27) Правительство: California State Library28) NYSE. Carlisle Companies, Inc.29) Аэропорты: San Luis Obispo, California USA30) Международная торговля: Context Sensitive Language -
18 csl
1) Компьютерная техника: Chip Specific Library, Common Shapes Library, Configuration Specific Language, Configuration Specification Language2) Спорт: Club Sports Lightweight, Cumulative Score List3) Военный термин: Center for Strategic Leadership, Chemical Systems Laboratory, Coles Signal laboratory, combat support liaison, combat surveillance laboratory4) Техника: Command System Laboratory, Control System Laboratory, control storage load, current-sourcing logic5) Химия: Contaminant Source Location6) Математика: Coincidence Site Lattice7) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago Short Line Railway Company8) Страхование: combined single limit9) Ветеринария: Central Science Laboratory10) Полиграфия: cut-and-stack label11) Сокращение: Coin Supervising Link, Light cargo ship12) Университет: Computer Science Laboratory, Computerized Speech Lab13) Электроника: Current-steering logic14) Вычислительная техника: Computer Sensitive Language, control and simulation language, current-sinking logic, машинно-зависимый язык, Callable Services Library (IBM, VM/ESA, CMS), Computer SoLutions (software gmbh, Haendler)15) Нефть: center section line, computer logging service16) Пищевая промышленность: Corn Steep Liquor17) Фирменный знак: Canada Steamship Line18) Деловая лексика: Canadian Special Listing, Consumer Survey List19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: закон о континентальном шельфе (Continental Shelf Law)20) Сетевые технологии: call support layer21) Полимеры: Chemical Society of London22) Программирование: Curse and Swear Loudly23) Ядерная физика: Constant Scattering Length24) Сахалин Р: Continental Shelf Law25) Расширение файла: Computer Simulation Language, Coup Sports Lightweight26) Высокочастотная электроника: coupled slot antenna27) Правительство: California State Library28) NYSE. Carlisle Companies, Inc.29) Аэропорты: San Luis Obispo, California USA30) Международная торговля: Context Sensitive Language -
19 Kompfner, Rudolph
[br]b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austriad. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA[br]Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.[br]Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPhysical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.Bibliography1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.Further ReadingJ.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.KF -
20 Railton, Reid Anthony
[br]b. 24 June 1895 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, Englandd. 1 September 1977 Berkeley, California, USA.[br]English designer of record-breaking automobiles and motor boats.[br]Railton was educated at Rugby School and Manchester University. From 1915 to 1917 he served an apprenticeship with Leyland Motors, after which he served in the Motor Boat Section of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). Having obtained his Royal Aeronautical Club (RAeC) pilot's certificate in 1918, he went to the United States to study factory layout. He was Assistant to the Chief Engineer of Leyland Motors from 1921 to 1923, when he became Managing Director of Arab Motors Limited of Letchworth, Hertfordshire.Railton was engineering consultant to Sir Malcolm Campbell, and was responsible for Campbell's Bluebird II boat which set a water speed record of 228.1 km/h (141.7 mph) in 1939. He was the designer of John R.Cobb's Napier Railton car which broke the speed record for automobiles on 16 September 1947 with an average speed of 634.3 km/h (394.2 mph); this record stood until 1964, when it was broken by Sir Malcolm Campbell's son Donald. Railton was also responsible for Cobb's boat, Crusader, which was the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h).Railton presented many papers to the Institution of Automobile Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States. In his later years, he lived in Berkeley, California.[br]Further Reading1971–80, Who Was Who, London: A. \& C.Black.IMcN
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